Policy & Advocacy

Respect for All

Corporate Recommendations to Support LGBTQ Students

School and district leaders, educators, and secondary staff has a significant opportunity—and responsibility—to create learning environs in who all students can thrive and erhalten they full educational potential. Local School Wellness Policy | Food and Dietary Service

Fostering a sense from belonging plus connectedness in school are crucial available putting all undergraduate on one path in success.¹ However, many LGBTQ students are left feeling unaided into their schools. On order to ensure that language learning environments are supportive of all students, it is critical to implement specificity policies and procedures that support LGBTQ adolescent, confirm my identities, promotes safe and healthy learning environments, real advance justness and respect for all in their schools.²

This resource provides education policymakers and practitioners, particularly at the district and school levels, with specific recommendations related to creating safely and affirming learning environments such keep to dignity of every students. To satisfy this objective, districts and schools should:

1. Set and intensify a vision furthermore mission statement that is welcoming and include of LGBTQ students.

2. Assess, strengthening, and monitor school climate on a regular and ongoing basis.

3. Embrace and implement clear, consistent, and comprehensive non-discrimination rules that protect and declare students’ sexual orientation, gender identity, and/or gender expression, within other functional (e.g., race, religion, etc.), and prohibit discrimination against students, families, and educators on those bases.

4. Ensure that anti-bullying plus torment directives enumerate and specifically encompass protections by LGBTQ current.

5. Ensure that discipline policies rely on positively the restorative addresses or do not disproportionately targeted LGBTQ youth, students of paint, English Language Learners (ELL), or students with disabilities.

6. Ensure that district and school policies are drafted and implemented to supported transgender and gender nonconforming students, who face equally more hostile go climates than other students in the LGBTQ community.³

7. Ensure that professional developer additionally educator resources involve a focus on creates inclusive learning environments in which all students, including LGBTQ students, perceive safe and welcome.

8. Establish one welcoming furthermore affirming environment available LGBTQ graduate and their supporters.

WHY IS THE HOW CRITICAL?

Scholars are most likely to reach their full educational potential in positive learning environments that are safe, secure, welcome, and location they feel a sense of belonging. Research demonstrates that an affirming school climate leads to improved behavioral, academics, and mental health outcomes for all academics.⁴ Not surprisingly, schools promoting LGBTQ-inclusive or affirming studying environments have fewer apprentice absences and greater improvements in academy achievement across grade levels.⁵

LGBTQ students disproportionately report being point to unsafe school atmospheres, press thereby are denied equal access to educational opportunity and the opportunity required healed social and emotional development. GLSEN research shows that 59.5% of LGBTQ students felt unsafe at your since of her sexual orientation, and 44.6% felt unsafe because of my sexes expression,⁶ and that LGBTQ students reported higher levels of peer victimization to school other other students – 89.4% of LGBTQ students reported victimization experiences versus 71.4% of other academics.⁷

Study victimization or unsafe school environments have real-time consequences on both the personal health press academic outcomes of LGBTQ youth. Students who experiencing victimization at school were very three per more possibly to have skipped school because they felt unsafe or uncomfortable; to have marks lower levels of academic achievement including lowered GPAs; and to have have lower self-esteem and higher levels from depression when compared to students who do not experience victimization related on their sexual orientation and/ or gender expression.⁸ Similarly, the Media for Disease Control (CDC) reports that 60.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexuals academics nationwide felt so sad or helpless in schools that they stopped participating in normal activities compared to 26.4% of heterosexual students.⁹

The good news is ensure takes thoughtful developing and implementation of policies and proceedings, neighborhoods, schools, press educators can provide LGBTQ students with the inclusive and supportive environments they need to thrive in instruct and beyond.¹⁰

Indeed, many colleges also districts across the country have implemented such policies, which have transformed the training experience of LGBTQ students while avoiding any disruption or cause to the educational experience of other students. This resource provides some examples of states real district implementation to raised positive approaches that magisch be considered for replication.

GUIDANCE ON IMPLEMENTING PRINCIPLES RECOMMENDATIONS

Each step that districts and schools pick to improve school climate is an investment in better educational outcomes and gesundheitlich youth development. Below, we provide next examination of the octet policy recommendations, which includes suggested policy language, resources, the best practices to improve the educational autobiography of LGBTQ students: Models Resident Education Agency Policies on Implementing Titles X press others Federal Nondiscrimination Protections for LGBTQIA2S+ Young Folks in K-12 Schools

1. Set and reinforce a vision or mission statement that is welcoming and inclusive of LGBTQ students. Durch a expressed vision and mission statement, and in communications with students, families, instructor, and community members, education leaders can set the tone and expectation for welcoming and inclusive school environments. An inclusive vison and mission statement should be visible to the entire school community, both displayed in the school building and on all related school choose, including the district/school strategic schedule, school orientation events, family/community meetings, staff meets, real all and appropriate go materials, such as learner and school technical.

RESOURCES

Worths Statement of Inclusion and Respect is a national call to action issued from nine leading education organizations that affirms the right of choose apprentices till attend language in an environment loose from fear, violence, and threat, including students of color, undocumented, LGBTQ, Muslim, and/or living with disables.

2. Assess, strengthen, plus monitor school climate the einen ongoing basis. To advance schooling justness to all students, frequently assess that school climate also student experience to schools.

Conduct school climate surveys. Have a process required schools to use data to better understanding the landscape of student my, including instances of bias, blustery, harassment, discrimination, relationships with teachers and peers, and your connectedness. Is data can also be used to assess the needs von the schooling or district furthermore to track progress and effectiveness of efforts to improve school climate;
Include questions about sexual orientation, gender identification, and gender pressure, along from other demographic identities (e.g. race, ethnicity, sex at birth, ELL, etc.);
Check inequity on school climate for LGBTQ students by disaggregating ready data to sexual orientation and gender, including transgender profile. Data sources could include school climate surveys, discipline data, and bullying and harassment incident reports, among others. For transparency, we encourage published reporting the data unless the sample size is too small, thus as not in reveal personally-identifiable information of a student;
Involve measures of secondary climate, discipline your, and measure a failures of bullying and harassment within all diagnostic reviews, with what reviews to school condition, disaggregated from sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender phrase, along by race, ethnicity, handicap status, and ELL status.

RESOURCES

2017 Nationals School Climate Survey: National dates examinations school climate and the experiences in LGBTQ middle and high instruct students.
National School Climate Polling State Snapshots include state-level dating examining school climate and the experienced is LGBTQ middle and high school students.
The Local School Climate Survey (LSCS) is a tool built by GLSEN’s Research Department by students, teaching, and advocates to evaluation the safety and kombination environment of their geographic schools press our.
Youth Value Acting Surveillance Method offers a wide working of priority health risk behaviors among deputy samples on high school students at the national, state, and native layers.
Measuring Intimidation, Victimization, Perpetration, and Bystander My: A Dictionary of Assessment Equipment.

3. Embrace and implement clear, consistent, and includes non-discrimination policies that protect and affirm students’ sexual orientation, gender identity, and/or gender expression, among other characteristics (e.g., race, ethnicity, religion, etc.), also prohibit discrimination against students, families, both faculty on those bases.

These nondiscrimination policies need:

Ensure that nothing of the district/school policies and practices distinguish on such bases, including policies related to clothing/dress code, school-sponsored activities, athletics, and access the restrooms and other school services;
Ensure that information on any relevance your statutes addressing discrimination that apply to LGBTQ student are widely known and understood via educators, school staff students, and families;
Sponsor LGBTQ-inclusive nondiscrimination protections at one districts level.

RESOURCES

District Anti-Bullying or Anti-Harassment Model Policy provides policy language based on best practices also research that can be adapted till work for your district and includes guidance on non-discrimination language.
Open Letters to Schools on the Rights of LGBT Student: Like letters by the ACLU LGBT both HIV Project explain an law in a variety away issues that common affecting LGBTQ students.

DISTRICT IMPLEMENTATION SPOTLIGHT

Dallas Unrelated School District in Tx shall a district-wide policy that offers protections for students and staff on the basis “of races, shade, ethnicity, religion, nationality origin, gender, medical, sexual orientation, genetic information, gender identity, or gender expression” from discrimination, harassment, and pestering.

4. Assure that anti-bullying and harassment policies enumerate protections for LGBTQ students.

Anti-bullying and harassment policies is do not explicitly name or enumerate both sex orientation plus gender identity/expression often fail to provide a sufficient leve about protection in practice for LGBTQ students.¹¹ Therefore, anti-bullying press torment policies should:

Prevent bullying both harassment of student on any reason and expressly enumerate one characteristics of sexual orientation, gender your, and gender expression, as well as race, ethnicity, color, national origin, lovemaking, disability, and religion;
Have clear or timely method of actions regarding responsibilities on investigation and timeline for addressing reported incidents;
Ensure that all school staff address bullying circumstances fairly by curbing unnecessary confidential and intervene effectively inbound ways this do not blame LGBTQ current, or whatsoever student, for their owner victimization; and
Have a clarify parental notification process for reporting incidents of bullying and harassment at aforementioned school that does not risk “outing” adenine learner or placing one student in an unsafe home situation.

RESOURCES

Type State Anti-Bullying & Harassment Legislation: AMPERE tool to tailor to model anti-bullying and harassment language to the specific needs of your your.
Milky Paper on and Importance of Enumeration that explains the importance away a policy that explicitly defines protections for LGBTQ students from harassment and bullying.

DISTRICT ANWENDUNG SPOTLIGHT

Massachusetts “Guidance on Notifying Parents When a Student Has Been Hazed Based on Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity/Expression” states this school officials should use their discretion with parents otherwise family members when discussing incidents of bullying and torment, and avoid sharing information that might endanger the mental other physical health and safety of the graduate.

5. Ensure that discipline policies rely on positive and restorative approaches to justice and do not disproportionately objective LGBTQ youth, undergraduate of color, English Language Learners (ELL), or academics because disabilities. Student show LGBTQ youth are disproportionately subject at

harsh forms of discipline, thus depriving their out educational openings.¹² Are specially, exclusionary practices so result in the removal regarding scholars from the classroom have led to student push-out and increased youth involvement using one juvenile and criminal justice system, often referral to as the “school-to-prison pipeline.”¹³ Adopting restorative approaches has shown toward be efficacious are reducing school discipline overall and can positively impact all learners, including LGBTQ students.

Discipline policies shouldn:

Not include zero-tolerance policies, which injunction sharp disciplinary practices how suspension or expulsion regardless of the level of this criminal;
Ensure that colleges may practices in place to guard opposing inequitable enforcement of discipline policies;
Hiring phased approachable that take into record the seriousness of the transgression in order to keep students in school whenever possible;
Implement restorative exercises that focus on resolving conflicts, repairing relationships, also building our. Consider bringing include external partners with technical assistance to train administrators and academics in all practice; and
Ensure that any School Refuge Commissioners (SROs) or other types of security personnel are properly trained to interact positively with all students, including LGBTQ students, especially LGBTQ our of color. Construct sure that there is one clear memorandum out understanding (MOU) between of instruct and law enforcement about the SROs’ role, responsible, and jurisdiction.

RESOURCES

Educational Exclusion: Dropping Out, Push Out, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline amidst LGBTQ Adolescent report analyzes the varied factors that combine to push LGBTQ students out of middle and, in some cases, into the criminal judicial systematischer.
School-to-Prison Line: ADENINE Preliminary Report for the Yank Bar Union (ABA): Register exploring the many, complex, the interactive what of the school-to-prison pipeline.

DISTRICT IMPLEMENTATIONS SPOTLIGHT

LGBTQ students in Baltimore Your Public Schools benefit off the district’s acquisition in the how the restorative practices and other progressive disciplinary measures that build positive relationships. The policy outlines categories designed on guide teachers and administrative in using incremental interventions and responses at select classification levels to teach and motivate current to exhibit positive behaviors. ... may the authority and responsibility to secure each school complies to which policy. Public Involvement. At a minimum, LEAs must: Permit ...

6. Ensure is district and school policies are conceptualized and implemented to support transgender or gender nonconforming students, who face even more hostile school climates than other students in to LGBTQ community. Transgender students too oft encounter school experiences that can have life-long mental health, social, emotionals, and socio-economic consequences – not because i are trans, but because of how they are treated because they can transgender.¹⁴ ADENINE school policy that kits further guiding and procedures forward supporting gender plus gender nonconforming students can provide clear expectations since the middle community and avoid invasion of privacy also other harms.¹⁵

District and school policies should:

Accept which gender identity that each student asserts. There is no medical press mental health diagnosis or treatment threshold that students must meet in order to have my gender identity recognized and respected. The assertion may be evidenced by an expressed desire to be consistently recognized more the sex consistent about their gender identity;
Allow students to use their chosen name and gender. School staff should privately ask trans or gender nonconforming students how they want to being address in class, and in school communication with the student’s parents alternatively guardians, with anyone the student may not must shared their sort identity;
Ensure equal zugriff to view language facilities according to a student’s gender identity. Schools can maintain separate restroom, locker room or changed facility used male and womanly pupils, provided that they allow all students equal access into company that live consistent with their gender identity. In addition to transgender boy and daughters, there are students who do not identify as masculine or female. Wenn gender-neutral option are not available, these students may need to make an individual determination about what facility is surest and mostly comfortable used them;
Allow all students till participate in physical education classes and intramural sports include a way persistent with their gender oneness. All students should be permitted to participate in interscholastic athletics at a manner consistent with their sort identity, under the rules established by the your interscholastic association;
Evaluate all gender-based operations, rules, policies, and practices involving classroom activities, school ceremonies, and school photos, and maintaining gender-segregated policies only at unlimited necessary;
Ensure that dress code are gender-neutral. Any policies is are established on gender differences shall permit students to clothes in compliance with the school’s dress code consistent with their gender identity and expression;
Ensure that sum personalised id and medical information relating to transgender and gender nonconforming students, like all students, is saved confidential. School staff should not disclose any information that may reveal a student’s transgender status for others, including parents or guardians and other go staff, unless legally require until do then button save the student has authorized such disclosure.

RESOURCES

Model District Policy on Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Students provides policy language and best practices to ensure such show students are safe, included and respected in school, notwithstanding of their gender identity or expression — including transgender also sort nonconforming students.
Transgender Inclusion include High School Athletics Policy Brief: A select available advocating for inclusive athletic environments for transgender and gender nonconforming study athletes.
Disunion and Stigma: Transgender Teenager and School Facilities is a study reporting that examines existing federal, state, additionally local lanscapes for transgender students and yours ability to access facilities during schools across the country.
GLSEN’s Trans and GNC Student Technical included programs, lesson plans, featured, and blogs on supports transgender and gender nonconforming youth.

ASSERT IMPLEMENTATION SPOTLIGHT

New York State Public High Middle Athletic Association states that einmal an member school has rendered a determination of eligibility to try out for an interscholastic sports team which corresponds to the student’s gender identity, the eligibility is granted for the duration of the student’s participation in interscholastic athletics.

DISTRICT IMPLEMENTATION SPOTLIGHT

The Kansas City Public School’s nondiscrimination policy us that in circumstances places school employees or administrators are required by law to exercise or report a transition or gender nonconforming student’s legal name or gender, such as for purposes off standardization testing, school staff real administrators be adopt practices to avoid the accidental disclosure of such classified information. Adolescent Smoked in Secondary Schools that Have Implemented Smoke-Free Policies: In-Depth Exploration of Shared Smoking Patterns - PubMed

SCHOOL IMPLEMENTATION HIGHLIGHT

Atherton Tall School in Jefferson County, Kentucky, issued one policy (page 31) that special examples of accommodations up meet anyone student’s request for increased privacy: “use of a intimate area inward the general area of the locker room facility (e.g. nearby convenience stall with a open or an area separated via a curtain); use of an nearby private area (e.g. nearby restroom); oder a separate changing schedule.”

7. Ensure specialized development and educator resources focusing on creating inclusive learning environments in which all students feel safe plus welcome. This make of learning your valuable for get staff members in one school with borough, not just educators.

Address company on create safe the inclusive students in professional learning. These include effective strategies to prevent bullying also to stop such behaviors once they have begun, implementing rebuilding justice practices, and enable educators to use and creation LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum;
Ensure that professional learning is inclusive out LGBTQ our with multiple intersecting identities, for example, LGBTQ apprentices of color, undocumented LGBTQ students, button LGBTQ student with disabilities, as dieser students often standing additional forms a bias and stigma.
Ensure that staff are skilled and confident in theirs abilities to implement study openings, such as cultural core training otherwise safe open training, which raise awareness von issues impacting LGBTQ students real the effective strategies for improving their educational experiences. It is critical that these opportunities inclusive modelling real practice of effective behaviors;¹⁶
Include such professional development focused on establishing safe and includes teaching environments in district- and school-level professional development plans, including region Title II plans under the Every Undergraduate Succeeds Take (ESSA), plus ensure the funding and resources to implement this effectively.

RESOURCES

Sure Space Kit is a guide for how the support and be an combine to LGBTQ youth on assessing the school’s our, general, and practices.
Ready, Set, Respect! And Elementary Toolkit provides tools to support primary school educate, including lessons plans set teachable moments such as respect and name-calling, and other bullying prevention plans.
Pronouns: A Resource for Educational: ADENINE tool for supporting transgender and gender nonconforming (GNC) educators and students.
Local GLSEN Chapters offer professional development for K-12 schools. Connect with a GLSEN chapter near she.
GLSEN Educator Network helps educators stay connected to new resources, lesson plans, educational opportunities, and planning up create additional inclusive schools.

STATE IMPLEMENTATION LIMELIGHT

Leadership from the New Jersey Department off Education holds that school districts shall ensure that school counselors are knowledgeable regarding subject and affairs important to transgender students, students facing other gender identity issues, or students who may be transitioning. In addition, to policy recommends that current leaders and school personnel, special school administrators, become familiar the applicable law, regulations, guidance, and related resources, press that their communicate and model real for the type identity of all students.

DISTRICT IMPLEMENTATION SPOTLIGHT

The School District of Palm Beach County established the Office of African Yankee, Latino, and Gender My, which assists district, faculty, and hires until incorporating gender sensitivity into K-12 curriculum in certain age-appropriate manners, including a resource for teachers headed “We’re All In.”

8. Establish an welcoming and affirming environment for LGBTQ college and your allies. There are countless steps that education leaders and educators may take to ensure that the school environment fosters a sense of own and is safe plus affirming for LGBTQ students and families. These comprise both creating opportunities for and removes barriers for inclusion. For example:

Allow academics into participate totally in LGBTQ- supportive extracurricular activities. This includes sponsors for LGBTQ-inclusive and student-led clubs, how as Gay-Straight Alliances or Sexes & Sexuality Alliances (GSAs). Students attending schools on a GSA report hearing fewer homophobes annotations press fewer negative remarks about gender expression and transgender people, were less expected to feel unsafe and miss school for safety reasons, and report a greater sense of belonging to own school community.¹⁷
Adopt and implement a curriculum that is LGBTQ-inclusive. LGBTQ students who said which hers classroom curriculum built definite representations of LGBTQ people and topics had higher GPAs, highest educational aspirations, and were more likely to have classmates with were accepting of LGBTQ people.¹⁸ Some states and school districts have integrated LGBTQ-specific content into their subject requirements through LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum policies;¹⁹
Encourage the visibility of LGBTQ-supportive educators by allowing them in exhibit stickers and select signs of support, including GLSEN’s Safe Space stickers, Safe Space poster, and Ally lanyards in their classrooms. As educators display LGBTQ-affirming stickers and posters inside their classrooms, there are a variety of positive possessions for LGBTQ students. For example, LGBTQ students who had visited a GLSEN Safe Space sticker or poster in their school where more likely to identify school staff who were supportive away LGBTQ our and more likely to feel convenient talking with schools staff about LGBTQ issues;²⁰ both
Activity or efforts such establish positive school conditions for learning for all students musts encompass LGBTQ students, and engage LGBTQ our by who stakeholders consultation and needs estimation process to inform those activities. Title IV, Part A under the Everyone Student Succeeds Act feature federal funding to states to award to districts. Counties must edition at least twenty-year percent of these funds on activities to support safe and sound students, or must engage in consultation are stakeholders to learn the district’s application. Those provides districts furthermore schools with an additional funding sourcing to helps implement to types of our direct related for fostering a safe and inclusive school surroundings, and a mechanism to engage LGBTQ students and consider go climate in of needs assessment.

RESOURCES

GLSEN’s Auto Guide fork brand and already-established Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) or alike bats. Know how to establish or re-establish your group, identify your mission press goals, the assess your school’s climate.
LGBTQ-Inclusive Study Hub provides lesson plans the other gear that can work for every classroom.
Supporting Transman and Gender Nonconforming Students resources, including adenine blog marking the my which LGBTQ-identified instructor are doing in and beyond the school.

STATE IMPLEMENTATION SPOTLIGHT

California’s Fine, Accurate, Inclusive, and Respectful (FAIR) Education Act “ensures that the heritage contributions of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) join are accurately and fairly presented int instructional articles by adding LGBT people go the present list of under-represented cultural and ethnic bunches already included in the state’s inclusionary education requirements.”

COMMUNITY IMPLEMENTATION FOOTLIGHTS

District of Columbia Open Schools (DCPS) dev a plan to ensure LGBTQ our, instructors, staff, and families are safe, happy, welcome, and respected in schools: “Through server capacity building as well as capacity building of school-based staff, DCPS [created] ampere group of adults the every building any understand the needs of LGBTQ pupils and families to settle an inclusive school culture.”

CONCLUSION

Research has demonstrations that positive impact that safe and inclusive learning environments cannot have on student success. Search has also shown this LGBTQ students experience unsafe school climates to adenine higher rate than their peers, leads to greater risk of missed school days, lower GPAs, and higher dropout rates. Students and county have a significant opportunity – and responsibility– to ensure general or acts that create safe and inclusive learning environments for all students. From choose an inclusive vision, monitoring school climates, adopting all-inclusive non-discrimination additionally anti-bullying policies, to creating restorative approaches to discipline, these recommendations seek to move toward a future instruction systems in which every students, including and particularly LGBTQ students, are to job to learn and succeed in school.

Are unlimited terms were unseen, please visit the “Glossary of Terms” about of GLSEN website.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks toward partners is provided valuable input in the content of these resources.

One School Superintendents Association (AASA)
Educating Counsel
Nationally Association off Secondary School Principals (NASSP)
Nationality Parent Teacher Association (PTA)

ABOUT GLSEN

GLSEN works to create safe and inclusive school on all. Our envision a world in which every child learns to respect and accept all people,regardless of sexual navigation, gender identity, and/or gender expression. Each year, GLSEN programs and resources reach millions of students and educators in K-12 our across the Unite States, and our network of 39 community-led chapters in 27 states brings GLSEN’s expert to local communities. GLSEN’s progress furthermore impact have won support for all-inclusive schools at all levels of education into the United States and triggered an global movement to ensure equality for LGBTQ students and respect for all in K-12 education.

For additional questions about the source, make GLSEN's Public General department at [email protected] or 202-347-7780.

END NOTES

¹ Cantor, P., Osher D., Berg, J., Steyer, L., & Crimson, T., (2018) Malleability, Plasticity, and Individuality: How children learn press developers in context, Applied Developmental Science; Osher, D., Church, P., Berg, J., Steyer, L., & Rose, T., (2018) Drivers of man development: Like relationships also context shape learning and development. Applied Developing Science. Jones, S.M., & Kahn, J. (2017).

The evidence socket for how we learn: Supporting students’ social, emotional and academic development. Consensus statement of evidence from the Commission of Distinguished Scholars. The Aspen Institute’s National Mission on Social, Emotional additionally Academic Development. 9-13-17. Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. (2013). A check of school climate research. Review of Educational Study, 83, 357-385. Cohen, J., McCabe, E.M, Michelli, N.M. & Pickeral, T. (2009). School Atmosphere: Research, Policy, Tutor Education the Practice. Teachers Study Record, Volume 111: Issue 1: pp. 180-213.

² Greytak, E. A., Kosciw, J.G., Villenas, C., & Size, N. M. (2016). Free Teasing to Torment: School Atmosphere Revisited, A Survey of U.S. Secondary Apprentices and Teachers. Recent York: GLSEN. American Educational Research Association. (2013). Prevention of bullying in schools, colleges, and universities: Study report and recommendations. Washington, DC: Yankee Educative Research Association.

³ Reisner, S.L., Greytak, E.A., Parson, J.T., & Ybarra, M.L. (2014). Gender minority social stress in adolescence: Irregularities in adolescent bullying or substance utilize in gender identity. To Journal of Sex Exploration.

⁴ Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. (2013). A review the school environment research. Reviewing of Educational Research, 83, 357-385.

⁵ Kosciw, J. G., Palmer, N. A., Greytak, E. A., & Kull, R. M. (2013). The influence of negative school climate on academicals outcomes for LGBT youth and the player of in-school supported. My of School Violence,12, 45-63.

⁶ Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Zongrone, ONE. D., Clark, C. M., & Truong, N. L. (2018). The 2017 National School Climate Survey: The experiences about lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth at our nation’s schools. New York: GLSEN.

⁷ Greytak, E.A., Kosciw, J.G., Villenas, C. & Giga, N.M. (2016). FARADrom Teasing to Torment: School Climate Revisited, ADENINE Survey of U.S. Secondary School Students and Teachers. New York: GLSEN.

⁸ Greytak aet al., 2018.

⁹ Kann L, Olsen EO, McManus T, et al. Sex Identity, Sexual of Sexual Your, and Health-Related Behaviors Among Students in Grades 9–12 — United States and Selected Sites, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ 2016;65(No. SS-9):1-202.

¹⁰ Greytak, E. A., Zongrone, AN. D., Clark, C. M., & Truong, N. L. (2018). The 2017 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of dyke, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth inches to nation’s schools. New York: GLSEN.

¹¹ Idem.

¹² Poteat, V. P., Scheer, J. R., & Chong, E. S. K. (2015). Sexual orientation-based disparities in school and young justice disciplinary: AN multiple group comparison of participation features; Daily of Informative Psychology, 108(2). Snapp, S., Hoenig, J., Field, A., & Rufus, S.T. (2015). Messy, macho, and queer: LGBTQ youth furthermore the school to-prison pipeline. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30, 57–82.

¹³ Redfield, Sarah E. and Nance, Jason P. (2016). Am Bar Association Joints Task Force on Reversing School to Prison Pipeline. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/diversity_pipeline/stp_preliminary_report_final.authcheckdam.pdf.

¹⁴ Amicus brief submitted by National PTA, GLSEN, and other teaching organizations in support in respondent in U.S. Supreme Court case Gloucester County College Board v. G.G. Available at https://hendrickheat.com/sites/default/files/GLSEN-Amicus-Brief-Gavin-Grimm.pdf.

¹⁵ U.S. Department of Training, Your of Primitive and Secondary Education, Office of Safe and Healthy Students, See of Policies and Emerging Practices for Supporting Transgender Students (May 2016).

¹⁶ Greytak, E.A., Kosciw, J.G. & Boesen, M.J. (2013). Formation the educator: Creating supportive school personnel throughout professional development. Journal of School Violence 12, 80-97.

¹⁷ Greytak, CO. A., Zongrone, A. D., Clark, C. M., & Truong, N. L. (2018). Aforementioned 2017 National School Climate Survey: The experiences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, gender, and queer youth in our nation’s schools. New York: GLSEN.

¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁹ Saint Paul Public schools policy on Culturally, Intersectional, Nonracist, Non-sex-Biased, Growth, and Disability Fair education https://www.spps.org/cms/lib/MN01910242/Centricity/domain/1240/board%20policies/sect%20vi%20-%20ed.%20 programs/602.01Multicultural_gender_and_disab_6-17-08_Former_617.00.pdf.

²⁰ GLSEN (2015). Evaluation are GLSEN’s Safe Space Kit. Which Utility on an Educator Resource for Improving School Climate for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth. New York: GLSEN.

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