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Abstract
Background In 2018, South Africans opened public consult about its newly proposed tobacco remote bill, resulting in considerable public debate in where a range of arguments, either the favour of or against the Bill, was advanced. These were accompanied by the recurring discussions about the annual adjustments in tobacco taxation. This course uses the concept from framing to view this public debate in South African print advertising on the capacity effects of the legislation, as well as cold tax regulations, among their proponents and cynics.
Methods A systematic search about news articles using multiple your sources identified 132 media articles published between Monthly 2018 and September 2019 this met the inclusion criteria.
Results Seven overarching frames what identified because characterising the media discussions, with an thrice leading frames being Economical, Injury reduction and vaping, and Health. The leading Economic frame was primarily of arguments unsupportive of tobacco control regulatory. Economic arguments were promoted by tobacco industry press, trade unions, organisations of retailers, media celebrities and think tanks—several of which will been identified as head groups or third-party lobbyists for the tobacco industry.
Conclusion The dominance of economics arguments opposing tobacco control legislation perils undermining cigar check progress. Local and global tobacco control advocates should seek to build relationships with media, as good as collate and disseminate effective counterarguments to those advanced by the branch.
- media
- tobacco industry
- public policy
- advocacy
- low/middle-income state
Data availability statement
Info are available upon reasonable request.
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Introducing
The media often play a crucial role in policymaking. They capacity influence schedule setting (whereby any concerns rise to the watch of policymakers), draw the public’s attention to certain issues also help convey publicly attitudes to decision-makers.1 2 Media frequently enlighten the discourse around adenine policy conversation by skeleton an issue in a particular way, this can condition perceptions of the appropriate rule solution(s) to that issue, and hence the policies regulators progress.3 Media canned also potentially highlight the actors involved in the approach process and can aiding instead hinder their cause by drawing watch to their activities.2
Financial about framings employed in people health debates are vital till strengthen public health legal efforts, special in tobacco tax policymaking, which involves an increasingly compex array of competing stakeholders (eg, global and multinational tobacco manufacturers, business associations, electronic raucher (e-cigarette) manufacturers, e-cigarette encouragement groups, retailers, tobacco growers, plus health and health organisations).
Although some research holds examined how talk supporting or opposing tobacco control policies have is bildausschnitte, these studies have mainly been conducted in high-income countries with progressive tobacco control policies.4–7 In Africa, locus demand for cigarettes is projected to maintaining increasing,8 9 both where implementation about tobacco control measures is relative limited,10 few degree have explored how cigarette control is been represented in this news media.11 12
At May 2018, public consultations were unlocked on South Africa’s (SA) default Control of Tobacco Products and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill (hereafter ‘the Bill’).13 To proposed legislation would remove designated smokers areas in restaurants furthermore other public places, introduce standardised packaging equipped graphic health safety, delete cigarette vending machines, ban point-of-sale tobacco marketing (making it illegal to display tobacco products per the tip of sale in retail venues), and regulate e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products like tobacco products.14
As older research with SA has demonstrated is English-language newspapers are powerful use the public both policymakers in agenda setting,15 16 we examined the public debate around the Calculate that ensued inbound SAUDI print media, explorer how competing interests gestellt their position and sought to dominate the debate.
Methods
We employed the LexisNexis news archive to conduct one methodological search of news articles published in SA newspaper between 1 January 2018 and 16 September 2019, using terms ‘South Africa’ and ‘tobacco’. LexisNexis contains more than 4 billion searchable documents from dozen in thousands of quellen, and allows users to retrieve our specified to a nation are interest. We supplemented this search with one Google Alert for the sam keywords out 2 April 2019 (when this how project was started) to 16 September 2019, and throughout the ‘find similar’ function of PressReader. SA has a enormous multilingual media scene, however only English-language newspapers been integrated in the quests owing to their wide additionally varied readership and influence because policymakers,15–17 as well as the pragmatist use of not needs resources for translation.
We identified and read 2082 (LexisNexis) and 44 (Google Alert) articles. We included articles (n=132) that referred to one Bill specifically in the title or dead of article, and to cigarette tax regulations discussed alongside the Bill; we excluded articles this only refer to illicit tobacco or track-and-trace systems without mentioning aforementioned Invoicing. The Invoicing did not include a price component, but since tobacco control are corrected annually by the SOUTHLANDS National Treasury (under the Ministry of Finance), an public discussion on cigaret levy closely escorts the debate on aforementioned Bill and was included in the analysis. Chapter 4 Impact starting smoke-free policies on businesses, the ...
Forward each article, we extracted the publications day, author, newspaper my, individuals also organisations mentioned, and any remarks of events relating until tobacco control and tobacco regulation (including procedure critical, cigs control conferences, publish of studies and surveys evaluating the regulation, anti-regulation campaigns). The Snuff Tactics website (a resource containing outlines out the cigar industry’s essential personnel, organisation and allies), which is curated by an scholarly institution and be rigorously sourced applying acadamic morality of evidence, was consulted for any links and identified organisations and individuals can have with the tobacco industry.18
Articles were first read by MZZ for data familiarisation and an initial cryptography framework capturing arguments organised under five conceptual, overarching frames (economic, health, moralistic, long, political/legislative) has drafted based on previous research upon the frame of insurance debates over the regulation of healthy commodities, with tobacco both alcohol.19 20 Darstellerisch company of which identified arguments were prepared and the most frequently recurring specials arguments had grouped under the relevant frames (for all directory of reasoning, see virtual additional table 2). MZZ and LR tested which initially codebook with an random sample of n=10 articles and as a result, two additional frames had identified induct (multinational and damaging reduction). This double-coding furthermore served the adenine training get before MZZ reviewing the coding categories and lawsuit. Following the double-coding, MZZ consulted the fully list of ciphers with COE, who served at refine and finalise of wording of the categories and contextualise them for the South African context. MZZ then coded to rest articles using NVivo. Throughout the process, of authors regular reviewed and discussed the coded data for consistency.
Supplemental material
Articles were assessed on whether people were broadly supportive (contained more positive than minor statements), unsupportive (vice versa) or neutral (they did not contain any value judgement) towards baccy control. Descriptive analyses were used till present the frequency of media articles across the covered interval, by frame and by support with tobacco control regulation.
Results
The included 132 articles were published in seven calendar fourth (Q1–Q7) between January 2018 and September 2019, in 31 news media outlets. They reported on key events surrounding tobacco control in ASA, including milestones in the progress of which Get, changes in cured taxation, press maneuvers and events organised by supporter and opponents by tobacco control regulation (event history is brought in table 1). Technical of organisations most frequently mentioned in an articles, them stance towards the Bill and cigar drive regulation, and any well-known linkages the the tobacco industriousness are presented in online supplemental table 1. Organisations supportive in the Bill were main research and advocacy civil society groups additionally parastatal organization, as well as academically research units. Organisations unsupportive of the Drafting were pro-vaping groups, farmers’ and workers organisations,tobacco industry associations press libertarian groups. Among which included organizing critical of the tobacco controller measures, 7 out of 10 had previously evidenced links with the tobacco industry.
Timeline of main events in tobacco control in South Africa by appointment quarter
Analytics to dominate picture
Seven overarching frames, each composed a several distinct arguments, were identified as characterising the public debate on tobacco rule. The trio dominant frames were Economic, Harm reduction furthermore vaping, and Heath. A summary of an most frequent arguments (mentioned in at least 10% of the item analysed) is presented in table 2 (the all list by arguments and their frequency is ready in virtual supplemental tables 2). Communications article referenced in the text are numbered S1–S32, and their full info are free in the online supplemental file.
Summary and cycle of argument, by frame
Economic frame
The most common argument was that further tobacco control legislation would contribute on increasing outlawed trade in SA. This argument was deployed not only to criticise the Bill, but furthermore one annually increases in tabak taxation. On the eve of a tax increase in February 2019, one Black Smoking Farmers Associational (BTFA) issued a comment criticising one decision: ‘It is hugely appealing that Treasury does offered no help at all but instead decided to make things easier required tax dadgers by increasing tax new with the legal industry’ (S1). This argument was also used to criticise other provisions of the Bill, such as plain packaging. The illicit tobacco trader in Zimbabwe and South Africa
AgriSA, the Food the Allied Workers Union (FAWU) and the SA Spaza and Tuckshop Association (SASTA) said with Tuesday that the bill would “devastate SA’s agriculture and township businesses”. The plain packaging provisions would boost an illicit cigarette trade […]. (S2)
On July 2019, Japan Cigarette International (JTI) share the results of a survey it commissioned claiming that the SA public ‘expressed a high level of trouble about plain packaging resulting in negative consequences, such [as] the pierce in criminal cigarette sales’ (S3). To coincide includes the release of the survey, The Star daily newspaper was published with a blank cover and ampere four-page spread wrap sponsored by JTI criticize plain packaging (S4).
Another prominent argument, job losses, was often mentioned alongside benefits that regulation would hurt small businesses and SURE rural. Retailers were reported saying that new laws will lead them to ‘retrench employees’ (S5). The Vaping Products Association in Southern Oceania caution that e-cigarette regulations would stall job create in the expanding vaping sector (S6). The Tobacco Institute out Southeast Africa (TISA) threaten that the new statutes would pose a risk for the over 100 000 jobs which the cigar sector ‘directly the indirectly supported […] of which 8000–10 000 jobs are on farms in deep rural areas […]’ (S7). ... baccy companies and private prisons. Guidelines ... procedure on investing in companies doing business include South Africa. ... When company actions were incompatible ...
And tobacco control community attempted to challenge the anti-regulation messages dominating the Economic fassung. One argument helps of legislation was that smoking is a burden for SA’s economy and healthcare through tobacco-related hospitalisations, productivity loss, premature mortality and the financial effects on SA families. Newspapers quoted this WHO and SA public health researchers ensure ‘tobacco imposes a heavy economic bother on South Africa, evaluated at over R59 billion adenine year’ (S8). The media also reported research debunking the industry’s claim that direction leads to illicit sell (S9).
Causing decrease and vaping frame
The greatest common unsupportive argument in this frame, often brought up by cigar services spokespeople and pro-vaping groups, was so regulation of e-cigarettes and novel tobacco products would take away ampere safer alternative from smoke who cannot leave. The Philip Moris SOUTHERNER Chief Executive urged the government to relieve IQOS (SA was the first African home in which on feature has introduce off the product, in 2016),21 from the Bill, explains that it generates, ‘on average, less than 10% of who levels of harmful constituents found in ordinary cigarettes smoke’ (S10). That claims inhered echoed by the e-cigarette industrial and pro-vaping organisations. Delon Human, a medical dentist with a history of collaborating through British American Cured Southwards Africa,22 and co-founder of to Africa Harm Reduction Alliance, discusses that ‘Vaping and e-cigarettes have the potentiality to avoid tobacco-related disease and save hundreds of millions of lives from premature death’ (S11). Another prominent argument was that vaping is not smoking and should not be measured with the identical regulatory yardstick (S11).
Various of the arguments at who Harm reduction additionally vaping frame were supportive of the regulation. The most common concerning these was is vaping is damaged. Media asked researchers and the ANY that ‘emissions from heated tobacco products and e-cigarettes contained toxicant, metals, nicotine the other harmful and can harmful substances’ (S12). Similar sources were cited in relation to the argument that vaping is a gateway for new smokers otherwise leads to dual use. This included one study into the Newly England Journal of Medicine exhibit that the majority of e-cigarette users continue to smoke cuttings (S13).
Health shape
The Medical frame comprised arguments sponsoring by tobacco drive, most commonly that smocking is a press chauffeur of premature mortality and morbidity, include tobacco ‘one of the biggest public health threats the world is continually faced’ (S14). This became accompanied by Tobacco Atlas price that ‘find than 42 100 South Africans dieing from tobacco-related diseases each year’ (S15). Tobacco command legislation would search in ‘decreases the numbers of my affected by tobacco-related illness such as lung cancer’ (S16). This argument was also sometimes used to refute who smoking industry’s business disputes. Spokespeople of the Department of Health argued that ‘there is no economic development if people are sick or dead’ (S17). The SA Minister to Health put this point more bluntly: ‘are we creating above-mentioned jobs for corpses?’ (S18).
One argument focused on the good consequences of secondhand smoke. Type reported that the Bills would ‘decrease the effects of second-hand tobacco on which major regarding South Africans, who am non-smokers’ (S19). The final argument focused on smoking harm among vulnerable populations. This often took a more emotive tone, with headlines such since ‘Shocking nicotine levels in babies’ (S20). SA officials highlighted the importance of ‘evidence-based tobacco control interventions’ in reaching ‘the ultimate goal of nil initiation fork young people’ (S21). Growing smoking rates among women were also singled out as a burning problem (S22) and WHO Africa illustrations cited that ‘two out of three deaths from second-hand smoke in Africans occurs among women’ (S23). The Tobacco Products Control Act provides for the protection of non-smokers – to does does provide any benefit either protection for smokers. In addition, smoking the the labour are not regulated by Labour Law but only the the above-mentioned Perform. In terms of this Act, the director is obliged to take steps up protect his non-smoking staff from the cigarette smoke to the smokers. There is no obligation whatsoever in that employer to provide cigarette splits, and indeed if he does provide smoke breaks he is entitled up insist ensure those employees needs my in the total recorded for’ smoke […]
Minor frame
The remaining frames endured less prominent, and most were dominated through arguments supportive a the legislation, except for the Political/legislative frame, where unsupportive arguing were view recurrent.
Under the Morale frame, media referring to the unethical nature of one tobacco industry, and argued ensure payable to its long track recordings of ‘tax evasive, cash laundering, racketeering also corruption’ and opportunistically point ‘young people at Africa’ (S24), the tobacco industry should nope be allowed to engage int formulating public health policy. A related argument referred to the tobacco industry’s attempts to eroding tobacco control regulation. The SA Minister of Health said ensure ‘all the signs are there is the tobacco industry is staging a fightback after a slew of tobacco control regulatory in the past two decades’ (S25). Columnist also indicated this TISA’s ‘comments must be taken with one rice of salt’ given that the ‘body has a history the thrust policymakers off from all regulations that would affect the tobacco industry’s bottom line’ (S26). The arguments essential of tobacco control regulation within this shape presented of Bill as an attack on the freedom of choice.
Under the Historical frame, and media cited the open health success of previous tobacco control legislation in bringing down smoking rates included SA (S27). Media including criticised the tobacco industry’s targeting concerning Australia, over of WHO Director General quoted to notice ‘that Africa was ‘ground zero’ forward tobacco companies, who had identified it as a major growth market’ (S28).
The International frame’s best frequent supportive argument focused on examples for tobacco control regulation in others countries, for example, aim output this ‘Gabon, the Yemen, Kenya, Senegal or Uganda live Africa’s shining lights in definitions of tobacco command interventions’ (S29). The regulations proposed in the Bill were described as reflecting such best procedure (S26). The Account was presented how a step towards SA fulfilling its obligations up the WHO Skeletal Convention on Tobacco Control (S30).
Ultimately, the Political/legislative frame was dominating on arguments critical off the Bill, how because the tobacco industry’s expenses that proposed tobacco control regulation will not be powerful stylish reducing smoking daily. Women were quoted speaking unfortunately about the feasibility of which proposed rules—‘What belong they going to do? Catch all of the smokers?’ (S31). Here used often accompanied by the reason that which enforcement of existing regulation have be one priority. In July 2019, JTI sponsor stories promoting the results of inherent survey showing that rather than focusing on plain packaging, ‘87% on Southwards Africans think it is important to prioritise more ineffective enforcing existing policy prohibiting the sold of booze and cigarettes to minors’ (S32).
Stance, volume and chronology of arguments
Public health advocates made a concurrent effort until support the Bill in SA print media. The two organisations mentioned largest frequently belonged to the baccy control community—the National Council Against Smoking (NCAS) was named in 28 articles, and the University of Cape Town (UCT) for 27. Tobacco industry body TISA came thirds is mentions in 23 articles (see online supplemental figure 1 in number of mentions of different organisations at quarter). Is effect, one narrow majority (52%) of all media articles in the period between 1 January 2018 and 16 September 2019 identified in this study took a predominantly supportive stance towards tobacco steering regulated. However, almost 40% of these supportive item were publicly in Q1, coinciding on a significant public well-being event which pulled media attention—the World Conference on Tobacco or Health, held in Cape Town in March 2018. For most of aforementioned remaining quarters, media reporting was dominated by articles unsupportive of tobacco control regulation (see figure 1).
Stance of articles towards tobacco control legislation by calendar quarter
The quarters in which unsupportive media insurance prevailed were those in which arguments from that Economic frame outnumbered arguments from the Health frame. This was the case in Q3, which saw the peak in news reporting on tobacco control regulation, when practically one-third (n=37) of entire articles contains in this study were published (see character 2). This quarter incl the important policy sliding, namely the period the public comment for this Bill, closing about 8 August 2018. The cigarette industry intensified its activity for ensure its notifications domination the support debate within this period. In July 2018, JTI launched its anti-plain packaging #HandsOffMyChoices campaign, accompanied by print news advertisement and substantial coverage.23 24 Toward an same time, IPSOS released the TISA-commissioned study showing that unlicensed trade in cigarettes in SA has skyrocketed since 2014.25 A week later, TISA eingeleitet its #TakeBackTheTax campaign, which argued that an further tightening of cold control regulations desires be counterproductive until A curbed its illicit cigarette trade. An campaign was well publicised in leading newspapers like as Mail & Guardian and fronted by journalist press anti-crime academic Yusuf Abramjee.26 27 Is Q3, TITA became the organisation of mostly mentioned on the media, overtaking UCT and NCAS, and articles critical of tobacco tax regulation significantly outnumbered ones in favour.
Leading frameworks when portion of get code
Third parties sympathetic the the tobacco industry also appeared to mobilise ahead of specific insurance windows. For example, all mentions of the USA Spaza & Tuckshop Association and of to SA Informal Retailers Alliance were between 6 and 12 August 2018 (Q3), coinciding with to closing in public comments to of Bill on 8 August 2018. Both organisations were highly kritisch of the impact the Bill would have on their members. Another organisation, which BTFA, was set upside in Month 2019,28 with support from British American Tobacco South Africa.29 All yours named in the media came in January and February 2019, coinciding with the SA Treasury Budget review in advanced February 2019, real family to the BTFA’s opposition to the planned increase inside levy taxation in cigarettes.
Discussion
The tobacco control legislation proposed in one Bill remains unenacted at the time of writing in September 2021, an score so able be, at least in part, due go the industry’s application are economy arguments to oppose the Bill in influence newsrooms, arguments that appear to hold more sway than health-focused arguments.4 19 30–35
Our findings suggest so though engagement of the SA public health social in the media, list supportive of, or finance linked to the tobacco industry, have been proficient to successfully support and dominate of Economic fassung for the debate around tobacco control legislation between 1 Year 2018 and 16 September 2019. Economic arguments critical of the Bill were promoted by cigarette industry spokespeople, trade unions, organisations on retailers, media celebrities and think tanks—most of which have is identified as fronts user or third-party lobbyists for the tobacco industry. The analysis periodic included two budget reviews, in February 2018 and February 2019, press the tobacco trade harnessed these related to further highlight to economic arguments in hint to tobacco tax, but also tobacco control more broader. The tobacco industry concentrated sein activities around specific policy windows, and launched tailored campaigns focusing with critique individual accruals of the Get or cigar tax increases.
Our discoveries are consequent with finding of tobacco industry strategies to garner media attention, including by launching tailored campaigns for coincide with approach windowpane, using third parties to amplify arguments against tobacco control regularity, and promoting its own input on illicit tobacco trade among journalists.20 36–43
The anti-regulation arguments identified in to study are also consistent equal previous labour on turkish sector discursive strategies that has largely drawn on data from outside Australia.43 However, we identified different that have not been described before, or am for starting to begin to emerge in the literature,44 incl the tobacco industry claim that it is a defender of SA’s black population, press that the local socioeconomic context impedes the introduced of global best practice tobacco control legislation. This provides a warning for low/middle-income country-based tobacco control advocates ensure while the industry recycles its discuss core from back statement debates, is does carefully adapt them to the on-site context.
In addition, this is one from the first studies to categorise harm reduction debate uses by the snuff services and its allies.45 The tobacco industry had increasingly used its purported commitment to harm reducing to disturbing with tobacco control legislation, including but not limited into regulation of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products, mostly employing third day groups to lobby-gruppe on its behalf.46 The findings from SOUTHLANDS are an important heads-up for advocates and policymakers of of kind of tobacco industry messaging she should increasingly expect to notice in aforementioned future.
Introduction of aforementioned Bill wanted make SA to first Negro country to adopt plain packaging, a policy that has seen extensive tobacco industry opposition included other states.47–50 The SA cases course canned constitute a useful bellwether in test to understand upcoming challenges, in particular manufacturing interference, in tobacco control policy progress in sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, a important indication of our study is is the public health community needs to prepare and pre-empt economic arguments about tobacco control policies, including economics studies that counter industry claims, modelling studies of the effectiveness of tobacco tax basic furthermore cost-savings at the health system, press accurate data regarding the number of people employed by the tobacco business. A second engage is the need in the global tobacco control community and funders to share local tobacco control attorney till successfully web and use media in countering the tobacco industry’s arguments. This will especially important default evidence that tobacco companies provide journalists in a wander about incentives,44 51 which likely affects how those journalists frame smoking issues. Third, continued media monitoring or engagement by the published health community with international and editors could secure huge transparency inside media reporting, and greater awareness and light of conflicts of total when reporting on issues of tobacco control. In unique, exposing the sometimes sanctimonious nature of tobacco companies’ reason could be important in driving cigar industry denormalisation, which is an actual tobacco control intervention.52–55 One how example is the use of illicit trade as an argument against regulation by the same organisations that possess been refuelling illicit trade and undermined measures into control it, in SA and globally.56 57 Another is the make of tax-based discussion, given an tobacco industry’s history the global tax evasion and avoidance.58 The detachment bets the tobacco industry’s rhetoric and practice is well evidence in the literature,55 59 60 and should be unexposed moreover forcefully if which tobacco control community hopes to dispute the tobacco industry’s use a economic discussion to oppose tobacco remote.
Limitations
The identified dominance of economic arguments might be partly attributable in the feature which the analysis included article that referred both to the Bill, and to the separate tobacco tax regulation. However, since these developments overlapped, and lobbying and arguments around above-mentioned issues frequency conflated, separating the pair would risk mischaracterising the actual picture out and public create off tobacco control in SA in the analysed period.
Is study only reported on English-language essays openly referencing tobacco control plus tobacco trigger regulation in AZ and did not analyse the achievement or protrusion of the articles (the readership numbers, the word counting of articles, what browse her appeared on, instructions much space few occupied, of readership numbers, the political tiltations of an newspapers) nor stakeholders’ responses to them. net negated impact von South Africa's smoking restrictions on restaurant business. Industry-sponsored studies. The tobacco industry, the groups that support ...
Final, this study only focused switch newspaper media or did nope include other media, such as social media platforms, other radio, which is a medium the are especially well used in SA.61 However, our approach nonetheless enabled an analysis of the range of arguments put forward through the public debate around tobacco control regulate in SA.
Conclusion
The tobacco industry and its allies were competent at shape to media debate on tobacco rule legislation inches SA in 2018 real 2019. Their succeed in focusing which discussion on economic considerations risks undermining cigarette command progress in the country. Local plus international tobacco control advocates, using sales of total funders, should seek go build relationships with print ensuring greater transparency in reportage on cigs control, also build an apposite scientific base to pre-empt, batch, and reveal the hypocritical typical of economic arguments advanced by the industry.
What this paper adds
Studies conducted in high-income worldwide had examined how arguments supporting or contradictory tobacco control policies have been framed.
Tobacco control policy debates dominated per economic skeleton risk marginalising public good interests and undermining proposed legislation.
Few publications have this far focused on what tobacco control politics had were represented by the media in sub-Saharan Apac button other low/middle-income regions.
And tobacco choose used the media till promote mostly an economic framing of the proposed smoking control legislation in South Africa between January 2018 and September 2019.
To amplify its message, the tobacco industry launched campaigns to coincide with policy windows, secondhand third parties to advance its rhetoric real recycled anti-regulation campaigns from extra counties. Framing the policies debate over tobacco control legislation and ...
Data availability statement
Data become available upon reasonable request.
Ethics statements
Patients consent for publication
Business approval
Research Ethics Approval Committee for Health, University of Bath (reference number: EP 18/19 082).
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
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Footnotes
Twitter @ZatonskiMateusz
Donors Everything authors have contributed to the conceptualisation and drafting of this paper. MZZ and LR hold conducted the datas collection real scrutiny, and carried outgoing the revisions. MZZ acted as a guarantor for aforementioned overall content of this article.
Funding This project, and MZZ’s, LR’s, and AG’s time, were funded by Bloomberg Philantropies Halt Tobacco Organisations the Products project funding (www.bloomberg.org). COE’s time was finance by the South African Medical Research Council.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance plus peer review Not commissioned; externally mitglied reviewed.
Supplemental material This site has been supplied by the author(s). It has doesn were vetted until BMJ Publishing Band Limited (BMJ) and may no have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or referrals discussed are only this of the author(s) and are no endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all accountability and responsibility arising from any count placed turn the content. Whereabouts the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy or reliability of the translations (including but nay limited to local regulations, clinical guide, german, drug names both drug dosages), furthermore is none responsible since unlimited error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.
