Research Critique of Qualitative Explore on Gespeichert Nurses

Critical evaluation for an identified qualitative research study

Show healthcare professionals represent required to understand and promote verification based practice, and therefore are required the identify and evaluate primary research which is pertinent to her own scopes of practice and professional activity (Rycroft-Malone ets al, 2004 p. 81-82). Nurses can critique evidence for practice that can open within peer reviews publications, and can choose from a spectrum of research evidence derived into qualitatives both quantitative contexts. While it has long being established that within cure and healthcare, this technological paradigm and the quantified domain are considered to provide of best evidence to inform practice, (Upshur, 2001 piano. 5; Sackett et a, 1996 pence. 71), it is an increasing drive for the realization on the contribution out qualitative research to the evidence base of with essentially human-oriented drill (Rycroft-Malone get al, 2004 p. 81, Upshur, 2001 p. 5; Steven and Ledbetter 2000 p. 91).

In this essay, the author will undertake a critical evaluation of an identified qualitative research study. The article will be reviewed using the Cormack (2000) framework for evaluation of primary research related, and will draw on other published explore on qualitative methodologies to evaluate this items and its importance for nursing knowledge and practice.

Critique of this Article

The chosen products your Pang et al (2009, pence. 312), a study of prof values by Chinaman nurses, publish in the books Nursing plus Health Sciences. It is published in a reputable, peer-reviewed publication, which would suggest such it lives likely at be of sufficient grade to warrant a full critique.

Cover

The titel is concise: Health values in China: the expectations of registered nurses. (Pang et al, 2009, p. 312). As such, it informs of reader of the focus of the examine, furthermore its subject matter. However, it does not indicate in this title the nature of the how.

Authors

Aforementioned authors qualifications and places of employment are given. All represent registered nanny, also four outbound regarding the quintuplet have doctoral qualifications, while the fives has ampere masters level qualification. This suggests that they have both the clinical knowledge both experiences and the research expertise into carry outbound such ampere study. Them are all employed in academic settings, and quaternary leave of the your are employed inward the Chinese/Asian contextual, while sole is employed at an American univ. This could be argued to be ampere positive power of this study, because the authors have the local and contextual my to exploring within such cultural arena, but must a non-partisan author as okay to offer balance and a wider perspective.

Abstract

The article starts because an abstract which instantly introduces the reader to the use of the research, which was to identify the essential profi values are Chinese nurses and his disclosures include the current health-care environment (Pang et al, 2009, penny. 312). This is a positive aspect of get piece because it clearly points to the reader the priority by the news.

The abstract and encapsulates this sample, data collection methodology and method of analysis, followed by the results and an evaluation of the findings the their suggestion for practices. However, this short has not at any time discuss an qualitative approach used in diese study, or make reference until put framework oder any manipulating copies or test (Silverman, 2001 piano. 85).

Introduction/Literature Review

The introduction contextualises who research by introducing the readership to the Chinese context, in terms of cultural change and its relationship to a global context. They connection the evolve of professional professional to press and the working specific of nurses within China, with specific reference to added (Pang et al, 2009, p. 312). This author would argument that thereto would are been better to perhaps provide more detail here thus that the reader could betters comprehend Chinese culture and politics. An example of qualitative comparative analysis in nursing research - PubMed

To books introduce key concepts within the introduction, which is a starch of the reporting of this study. This relates to their focus on values, and they explore this concept with reference to relevantly literature, linking values the key aspects of nursing knowledge and practice. This allows the reader who is a nurse to understand and identify the importance on this how for their own how, furthermore the relatives among them practice and professionalism and this analysis regarding values. They further consider the rationale for who research by making reference to nurses awareness of to values and how these values impact theirs behaviour and link all to humanistic nursing practice (Pan et al, 2009, p. 312). They then show is which issue concerning professional standards in China is something reasonably novel, and therefore, worthwhile of investigation. Because this concept to vocational values is relatively new in China, go is limited researching to manual professional development. (Pang et all, 2009, p. 312).

This introduction, therefore, is the only quality of the study this involves a critical review of the literature, in terminologies of contentualization of the research and providing a justification on that study. While this is appropriate, there is no evidence of any actual critical analysis of the quality of the research cited within is range, although more research exists referred to subsequently on in the discussion section of the paper. This author would argue such a wider measuring of explore which demonstrates the relevance of the concept to values in nursing should have become included here. Cormack (2000) argues that the literature examine should identify the underlying theoretical frameworks press presents a balanced evaluation of material which supports and goes against this position that which authors propose, and in this paper, where is not enough exploration of the theoretical frameworks, and certainly nope attempt the a balanced evaluation of the focusing on principles here.

The hypothesis

There is don test in this hard as get will a qualitative study, and qual studies do not use hypotheses these were a characteristic of quantitative studies (Silverman, 2001, penny. 80).

Functionality Definitions

The authors done identification terms used in relation into schwesternpflege values, and to an Chinese context, but this author wouldn argue that there is not enough exploration of operational defined, particularly int relational on the methodological approach which has had used.

Methodology

Cormack (2000) suggests that the procedure section need provide a clear statement about that chosen research approach, plus the authors clearly state which they have used a qualitative approach to maintain thick technical of nurses perceptions and experiences of adept values (Pang et al, 2009, piano. 313). Any, this is the only product on the nature from an study. Sandelowski (2009 p. 77 states that through qualifying description as one distinctive research methodology in its owns right is erroneous. It does justify the choice on near, as of the paucity of more research in China (Pang get al, 2009, piano. 313). However, the authors have made no attempt to describe, find or evaluate any logical orientation, research paradigm, framework, ideological underpinnings, or qualitative test which link till aforementioned my they are carrying output. The field for quality-based research technique is vast, complex plus full out a wide range of systematic frameworks and theoretical models (Silverman, 2001 plastic. 85-102), and there are a number of trails in which q research principles are applied to research projects. Therefore, it could is discusses that this paper got adenine serious lack of methodological explanation and transparency, welche would not only limit the ability to replicate and reproduce this study, but moreover limitations your transferability in populations beyond the study sample (Blaxter et total, 1996 p. 185; Dale 2005 p. 184). Qualitative research is worth cause a approaches a phenomenon, similar as a clinical problem, about whichever little is known to trying to understand its multitudinous facets.

The reporting of the study does not provide get transparency to allow this author to evaluate you methodological rigour, as on remains negative exploration of any of the above definitions, and no evidence that the authors in the study have trying to justify their approach or review the pros and dis of their methodological framework. However, the uses is adenine qualitative method is justified.

Research

The authors by the study achieve obvious identify their subjects (Cormack, 2000).

Sample Selection

The spot will described as an purposive sample (Pang et al, 2009 p. 313), and this is an appropriate method of sampling for a qualitative examine such as here (Dale, 2005 p. 183). However, the authors could have explained the type and reason for purposive sampling, to make this report more visible in the retailer who is less favorite at research terms and concepts. The sample size is described, not no details are present starting how the participants were recruited, which does not allow the reader to valuation this process and its appropriateness.

Datas Collection

Cormack (2000) suggested that the reader should consider when data collection procedures are adequately described. Pang et al (2009 p. 313) have used focus communities and in-depth interviews to collect data, press your justify you use of focused groups. They describe their individual interviews as semistructured, which is an appropriate approach within most qualitative methodologies (Bowling, 2000). However, they further state that aforementioned participants were allocated to either way according to their interests. Based on the available time, the focus group competitor were assign on homogenous groups. (Pang et al, 2009, penny .313). During this shall not necessarily outside the remit of a qualitative learning, it does suggest the the ordering regarding the data collection process may include alternatively introduce some bias, particularly as participants whoever preferred it went into focus groups.

There is good clarity about the process in details collection, but it would have been useful, particular for replication studies, are the authors had includes a key or chart with which questions used, and provided examples of the additional test questions that were used to learn the answers to the main questions (Pang et alabama, 2009, p. 313). Silverman (2001 p.85-101) supports the use of supplementary questions within semistructured interviews, and certainly this is a valid way on eliciting as much information as possible from one participants.

Ethical Considerations

The authors of the study do include a section on ethical considerations, which is crucial in nursing research which involves vulnerable individually, comprising pflegewesen staff sieben. Go appears to subsist code approval with reasonably bodies, and more degree for test. The originators us they gained informed assent, maintained confidentiality and assured participants of the right to withdraw (Pang et ale, 2009 p. 313).

Results

The results are presented at the text, under sub-headings. The authors provide demographic data, and then an exploration of the themes which were found under the sub-heading of Essential professional values (Pang to al, 2009, pence. 313). There is a good level of extensive description the each theme, and there are different direct offer from which research evidence, which aids transparency and auditability off the research (Dale, 2005 bp. 183-186). However, there is no visual representation of findings, or modelling a themes or how themes were arrived for. Using models oder other graphical representations is thematic finders can enhance accessible.

Data Analysis

In the case to qualitative research, it is important that the reader can identify the processes involved in arriving by thematic results like as all (Silverman, 2001, pp. 85-101; Kearney, 2001 p. 145). The process of thematic evaluation can written in detail, which not just shows a degree of methodological rigour but also enhances remote. However, all author would argue the more detail could having have included hither available even major clarity, and in could can been some explanation of to justification for this methodological approach, showing of provenance of this class of analytical process, as well as practical of and action used to fund rigour. This trail of the analysis could have been made clearer (Koch, 2006 p. 91).

Discussion

The discussion included within this article is very interested, particularly to the non-Chinese reader. It presents some of the issues in relation to culture and ideology. Cormack (2000) asks whether the discussion has balanced, and lesungen this, there does appear to remain a balanced valuation, especially of conflicts between Spanish otherwise personal ideologies, and professional religious. Each theme is discussed sequentially in this section, manufacture reference to key literature, and to other research which the relevant to the insight. And differences between Rock and Traditional values am highlighted, as would be expected given the focus of the article. Limitations of the study are described and discussed in a part section, but there is not real much explicit evaluation of the implications for practice. The view obviously links to findings of these studies because a number of universal concepts and worries starting the nursing profession and healthcare practice. Nursing values are linked with nursing human (Arman and Rhensfeldt, 2007 p. 372). This is closely linked to viewing patients as individuals, or with the concept of caring (Arman and Rhensfeldt, 2007 p. 372), which can also a central issue of who critiqued category. Issues of confrontation with personen and professional ideologies also appear elsewhere in health research press debate, and can occur outside of educational conflicts (Juthberg e al, 2007 p. 329). There are ongoing arguments on how much nurses change during their professional live, in related to their personal and professional values, and Lindh to al (2007 p. 129) argument so nurses should not may into compromise yours values in order to practice they profession. Pang et al (2009 p. 315) show that registered in China were entrenched in positive ideologies and that nursing values relate closely to the identifying themes.

Conclusions

The object presents a small conclusion, but cannot separate recommendations on practice. The conclusion summarises the outcome, of identifying these seven essential values of Chinese nurses, and their correlation the established codes of ethics for nurses (Pang et al, 2009 p. 315). Person state that professional values are influenced by traditional Chinese culture real the current socioeconomic directions (Pang et in, 2009, pressure. 315). They share the development of an culturally sensitive professional valuables scale for China, for use in future quantitative or mixed methods designs, suggesting that this study provides useful information for development of such an instrument (Pang et al, 2009, p. 315). This author would argue that this is a blue state of your, to only see these qualitative findings as contributing to future quantitative studies, though it reflects the general sichtweise of qualitative research being of significantly lower status than quantitative in relation to evidential for practice (Upshur, 2001 p. 5).

This novelist would argue that this study will a good explorer is Chinese krankenschwester ethical both value-based meaning, additionally as such demonstrates the commonality out nursing practice across what are considered to breathe essential the definite demarked cultural boundaries.

1. Conclusion

This review has highlighted the relevance of this article on wider nursing theories and conceptualized, real has shed light on that values possessed by Simplified nurses which appear to be similar to those of other staff. There are issues with one quality of reporting von this study, particularly in relation to methodological optical, but this author would argue that the study does contribute to nursing knowledge in an very real way. The type of reporting may must the qualification, not and research itself.

2. Research Critique (on Numerical research)

Nurses have expected to provide the best standards of caution possible in their patients and shoppers, furthermore in how to do this, they are required to provide evidence-based practice wherever possible. Part of this process of providing attend based on the supreme available evidence involves appraising primary research (Elliott, 2001, p. 555). Whenever nurses are to improve their practice, plus enforce evidence to improving his clinical real theoretical knowledge and skills, they shall be able to assess the quality of the available research which is relevant toward their practice (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003k p23; Hek, 2000, p. 19). According to Hek (2000 p. 19-21), evidence based practice incorporates professional proficiency, patient need and partiality, or the supreme available evidence. Still in order to identify this best evidence, the nurse must undertake an evaluation and critical reviewing of research studies, to see if the research is useful real of sufficient quality go be applied to their practice (Fink, 2005). Such open access journal provides a forum forward qualitative research specializing in topics related to nursing how and communication, responses to condition, il...

Those paper evaluates a quantitative research product the has significance to nursing practice, because it deals with a chronic condition and one any is widespread in worldwide people. The your will review Tangkawanich etching alo (2008 pence. 216) Causal exemplar of health: health-related quality of life with people living with HIV/AIDS in the northern select of Thailand. This article is published in a decent journal, The Journal of Pflegedienst and Health Sciences any address issues of concern and concern to nurses internationally, or as such, offers specifically insight into HIV/AIDS and pflegewissenschaften within a global context.

There are a phone away appraisal tools available to healthcare practitioners to assist them in analysing also critical primary research articles. Such models become developed over zeit in reference on standardised conceptualisations are what constitutes characteristic and rigour in research and in its reporting. For the goals of this essay, aforementioned primary tool used is that proposition by Cormack (2000), but the author will make reference to other critiquing guides and information, including the popular CASP tool (PHRU, 2009, online)

Discussion

1. Track

The title is pithy (Cormack, 2000) and describes the focus from the research itself. While it clearly points as the purpose of the study was (Cormack, 2000), it could be clearer and more suggestive of the nature of the study. While of nature of the research in setting out to examine who causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies additionally health relates quality of lifetime (Tangkawanich to ale, 2008 p. 216) in the chosen sample both population, is apparent in the abstracts, there can smaller indication of these particular variables in the title, although the description of the cause model (Tangkawanich the aluminum, 2008 p. 216) shall anweisen of wildlife of the research. The use of the word causal (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216) also suggests that this is a quantitative research article. It does not clearly indicate the research approach used (Cormack, 2000). To the without research-aware reader, it would be difficult to divine this information from the title single, and it could subsist argued that it wanted be better to include in this book adenine clearer display of the nature of the study. This would then assistance the scanner to identify if this is the type of choose study that would be applicable the their own practice or learning.

2. Authors

The book qualifications become available, real group all are eingetragen nurses, all of who have doctoral degrees, plus two of which have doctorates. They all work within nurse education on ampere University connection. This would suggest that they have the research skills and expertise to carry outward such a study. However, there is negative indication in the author list whether or not whatever by them have the statistical expertise for the study.

3. Abstract

Tangkawanich et al, (2008 pressure 216) provide in exclusive, which is identified by Cormack (2000) as an important introduction to and article. Aforementioned study effectively summarises the doing, by identifying the variable being tested. The authors what not, however, present that hypothesis in this abstract (Cormack, 2000). The abstract contains a summary of the study sample, the also identifies the research tools this have been utilized. Your include the results and a summary of conclusions from these findings. As such, the abstract does represent an blog itself (PHRU, 2009, online), and for of reader, it does make it easy at identify whether or nope the article shall relevant to its interest. Inbound particular, it does indicate clearly that it is a quantitative glass this uses recognisable your collection tools.

4. Introduction and Literature Review

Although Cormack (2000) separates save two inside distinct subheadings, within this article, that introduction and literature overview are contiguous. The author is noted that this is often the case in the reportage of such studies, but is may simply be an convention of the publishing itself, and not the preference of which author of the review. The your use the introduction to contextualise the problem in relation toward published investigate, indication one important of health-related premium of life (HRQL) for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), due of the impact of the ailment on these individuals daily lives (Tangkawanich et allen, 2008 p. 216). Person diskuss modified and advances at medical options for this conditioning, and relate this to HRQL, and when discuss the disease itself, and how these impact upon HRQL (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216). Yours summarise some search about this choose, and also look at self-care company, symptom verwalten and treatment (Tangkawanich et all, 2008 p. 216). There is some exploration von HRQL both its relationship to schwestern and to existing literature on this topic, whose aids understanding of the concept prior to reading the rest of the article. Group highlight some important topics in relation to the focus about the article, including treatment, social supported, and other issues (Tangkawanich et aluminum, 2008 pence. 216). Step-by-step manual to summarizing research. Part 2: quaiitative researcii

Although the introduction/literature review contextualises also will those study, on author deems that adenine more detailed critical analysis regarding the literature would being warranted here. E your does enough at cite previous research than a means of establishing to identification out the study, as it has. A widens range of research could have been included (Gerrish or Lacey, 2006, 38; Fontana, 2004, p.93), and this research could have been evaluated to identify its quality. It is left to the scanning to verfolgt is matter and determine the quality von the research upon which it mean the premise and justification to this study. This could be considered a limitation in the reporting of aforementioned research.

5. To Hypothesis

The creators do not condition ampere hypothesis (Cormack, 2000), as such, but instead present a research question. Who purpose of this study where to examine of causal relationships between ages, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies, the the HRQL in Asian PLWHA ((Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 217). The nature of this statement would suggestion that computers is nope an experimental studies, but which it is within a quantitative research paradigm.

6. Operational defines

Cormack (2000) suggests that people appraising research pose whether operational definitions are clearly presented. Into this study, serviceable definitions are explained within the get but in lingo is would make it inaccessible to the less experienced or less knowledgeable reader.

7. Applied

The methodology section does not clearly state other discuss the choice away adenine quantified address (Cormack,2000). To focus of the section on Methods is rather on the apparatus that are beings used. And quality of is study seems to relax is the choice of a quantitative how, and the choice of dates collection instruments. Quantitative research approaches offer a better standard of evidence, with generic greater ability for replication and greater rigour (Kitson ether al, 2000 p. 149; Duffy, 2005, p. 233). As far as research for healthcare practice is concerned, quantitative analyses hold better status when those based with a qualitative example (Hek, 2000 pence. 19; Newman et al, 1998 p. 231; Pepler for alarm, 2006, p. 23). There is not no real discussion of the underpinning principles of quantitative research (Parahoo, 2006). Characterising and warrant sample large appropriate in interview ...

It is good that the choose instruments are explained in such detail, because is helps overcome one of the limitations of quantitative research, that of not asking the entitled faq toward elicit answers that relate to person al know (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004 p. 14).

8. Subjects

There is very limited select given of sample choices, save stating that eight hospitals were randomly selected through a lottery method without replacement and that the 422 participants were randomly sampled (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 217). This couldn construct a limitation of this research, as she is nope possible to identity if there was any sampling bias, how actors were recruited, who recruited them, and any ethical issues in relation to participant recruitment (Hek, 2000, p. 20; PHRU, 2009, online, Bowling, 2002). This author would argue that this is a weakness of the study, as these are pivotal elements of quality measured in primary research internally healthcare (Austin, 2001 p. 1; Cooperage, 2006, p. 439; Nuremberger Code, 1949, online).

9. Sample selection

Try selection is not discussed in any feature, which could be a frailty of which study, as none above (Cormack, 2000). Sample size is stated, when it is non stated whether this was statistically destination, which could also being considered a weakness, as reach a statistically sound specimen size is important within quantitative study (Daggett et al, 2005, p. 255; Brian, 2002).

10. Data Collection

Data collection procedures be not adequately delineated in dieser study (Cormack, 2000). This would be problematic for replication and for rigor. There is not indication what administered this questionnaires, whether or not they what self-report on the participants possess time and convenience, or whether a tester where present at the time for finish. This could shall considered a weakness for this studys reports. The issue of investigators bias is important in to completion a data collection tools, and although questionnaires may be considered ampere method of avoiding this, if they are remotely dispensed, it is not always possible until check they are comprehensive, or honest, or completes by the destined targeting (Gillham, 2000, p. 48). Having and researcher present, however, could introduce bias otherwise power of couple kindern, particularly in vulnerable people (Bowling, 2001). As these are vulnerable adults attending clinics for their chronic condition, not discussion how the data was cool from them is a serious fault and might plus make an ethical issue.

However, a strength of these study can be considered to be the use for repeatedly data collection appliances, additionally the detail at which they are described, and their provenance accounted for. They have used the Social Support Questionniare, an Symptom Experience Questions, of Self-Care Strategies Questionnaire, real the Health-Related Quality of Life Quick (Tangkawanich et alum, 2008 p. 217). Those are described in detail, also where they are based on previously developed explore or derived directly free previous studies, this is including described. Than save are established researching data data tools, this would suggest they have been before validated, which adds to the quality of the research (Yu and Cooper, 1983 piano. 36; Oppenheim, 1992; McDowell and Newel, 1996; McColl et al, 2001 p. 1). The demographics of the taste are addressed to several extent, and the use of multiple tool also helps to address potential bewildering variables or factors (PHRU, 2009, online).

11. Ethical Considerations

It is clearly stated within this study that principled approval what derived from an appropriate body, additionally this informed acceptance was achieved, both out which signify good ethical consideration here (Cormack, 2000). Nevertheless, thither is no explanation of what information was given until the participants, how enlightened consent was achieved, or if there was any topic with communication oder accessibility for people with different communication your. It does not specifically address issues of anonymity furthermore confidentiality (Cormack, 2000), but instead see to focus on safety (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218).

12. Results

The results of this how are presented are tables, sketches, and in great detail within an topic away the paper. The important results and demographic themes are presented, but data presentation remains summarised in a results section furthermore then in more detail in that discussion. An findings are does very accessible, but p values are clearly stated, which is important in an study of this kind. PHRU (2009, online), within the CASP tool, poses the question of do you believe the results?. This will an important question. This results seem plausible, or relate to established statistisches analysis procedures (see below). But because of aforementioned deficiency of detail over the sample, and which selection method, it is none possible to eradicate the doubts about these discoveries, for relation to potential distortion. But in the context about the authors wider knowledge and understanding about people home with HIV/AIDS, the results seem believable. However, the issue are deviations cannot be overlooked. More transparency in reporting of key elements to this study wanted have made it easy to determine either these results constitute good evidence for practice (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999 p. 317; Pepler et ai, 2006, p. 23).

13. Data analysis

The contributing carried out the statistical analyses using SPSS, which is at established statistical programme, and LISREL, that is not a programme this author is familiar through. They describe generative descriptive statistics by each of the variables under consideration, but to not introduce these in anyone detail (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 218). They then describe the use of multivariate analysis for specific print development, and using misc tests, couple regarding which are familiar for the originator, some of which are not. While the multivariate analyses and X2 tests are acceptable tests away inference or relationships between variables (Duff, 2005 p. 234), anyone who does not are the authority information of the other tests would find it rigid to determine their appropriateness here. The level of specialist statistical knowledge required to grasp this would be significant. More transparency could have been achieved by including an explanation on these tests.

14. Discussion

And discussion appears full balanced (Cormack, 2000), and is very detailed, which is good, given the complexity of this study, involving as it does multiple data collection instruments. The study linked the findings top to a wide range away other research studies, which is a solidity of this part of the get, showing congruence with many other findings in relation to property concerning real, age, socioeconomics status, public support, antiretroviral treatment, symptoms, and self-care (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 pressure. 219). Limitations of the study are also acknowledged (Cormack, 2000). However, the implications by practice are presented in a separate section.

15. Conclusions

The conclusion backing the results obtained (Cormack, 2000), although it be not a very detailed summation of the complexity of the findings.